INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability globally and is associated with long-term cognitive and neurobehavioural deficits. Methylphenidate has been proposed to address these lasting symptoms, however comprehensive evidence is lacking. METHODS: This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of methylphenidate on multiple cognitive and neurobehavioural domains in adults with TBI. The search conducted across five databases yielded 1,019 results, of which 25 were relevant to this review. Meta-analyses were conducted where homogenous data was available. RESULTS: Significant results favouring methylphenidate were recorded by meta-analyses for one of five cognition outcome measures (Trail Making Test A) ( DISCUSSION: Methylphenidate may enhance the ongoing care of TBI patients, by addressing neurobehavioural and cognitive symptoms simultaneously. Further large-scale and high-quality clinical trials evaluating a comprehensive range of possible benefits to symptoms should be conducted to more conclusively elucidate the potential of methylphenidate for clinical efficacy in TBI.