Phenotypic analysis of an F1 oil-Camellia population, combined with transcriptome sequencing of its parental lines, identifies pivotal genes controlling seed size and oil accumulation. Oil - Camellia is a major oil-producing tree, known for its high nutritional value and health benefits. Improving seed size and oil content is the key breeding objective, governed by intricate genetic networks. However, the molecular mechanism underlying these traits in oil-Camellia has been rarely reported. In this study, an F