Heavy metals (HMs) are persistent, non-biodegradable pollutants in airborne particulate matter (PM) that pose serious health risks. Fly-in fly-out (FIFO) workers, exposed to prolonged pollution, are especially at risk, yet their health risks remain underexplored. This study develops a framework to assess HMs exposure and health risks in FIFO workers. Over 12 months, samples of six HMs (Fe, Zn, Cd, As, Ni, Pb), were collected from indoor and outdoor environments at a major FIFO worksite in Bushehr, Iran. health risks, including cancer and other diseases, were estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. FIFO workers faced 21.42 % higher health risks than drive-in drive-out (DIDO) workers, with Pb (0.11 ± 0.194 μg/m