BACKGROUND: Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Although most cases come from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where their prognosis is worse, few epidemiologic studies are conducted in these regions. METHODS: We conducted a registry-based cohort study for childhood CNS tumors at Children's Cancer Hospital, Egypt, over 15 years. Unified treatment protocols were implemented. Survival analyses were conducted using the Kaplan-Meier function. Cases were additionally annotated using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer-3 classification. RESULTS: In total, 5,051 children ≤18 years of age were identified, accounting for 20% of all childhood cancers treated at Children's Cancer Hospital, Egypt. The most common tumor sites were the posterior fossa (36.8%) and brainstem (17.7%). Pathologies were predominantly astrocytic (n = 1,360
26.9%) and embryonal (n = 1,003
19.9%) in origin. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival for all cases were 64.6% and 51.8%, respectively. More specifically, 1,421 low-grade gliomas were identified, with a 5-year OS of 91.1%. Medulloblastoma (n = 801) recorded a 5-year OS of 66%. The entity with the worst prognosis was diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (n = 633), with a 5-year OS of 3.2%. CONCLUSIONS: We report on a large number of childhood CNS tumors from an LMIC. This study underscores the need to understand the burden of childhood brain tumors and its outcomes in resource-constrained settings. IMPACT: This study reports on the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of 5,000+ children with CNS tumors from a specialized LMIC center. Despite the lack of many sophisticated and advanced facilities, LMICs can improve the clinical end-results with experience and augmented efforts.