Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder manifested through repeatedly recurrent unprovoked seizures. It is a debilitating neurological illness arising from exacerbated hypersynchronous neuronal firing in the brain. Among various factors, oxidative stress has been implicated in the initiation of epileptogenesis and the progression of epileptic seizures. This study investigates the neuroprotective effect of sodium butyrate in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling rat model. Male and female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups for each sex. The PTZ groups were administered 40 mg/kg b.w.t intraperitoneally on alternate days for 30 days and a final single dose on the 40th day, while the sodium butyrate groups were administered along with the rat's drinking water (4 g/L). The seizure score, oxidative stress parameter, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Na