Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs) and Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into three lineages. One significant advantage of dental stem cells, such as PDLSCs and DPSCs, is their ease of harvest compared to other types of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). While MSCs are highly valued in bone tissue engineering, MSCs sourced from dental tissues, such as PDLSCs and DPSCs, offer promising options for periodontal regeneration because they are more easily accessible and can be collected through minimally invasive methods. Currently, PDLSCs and DPSCs exhibit a strong ability to undergo osteogenic differentiation when stimulated by factors such as growth factors, chemicals, and paracrine signaling. It has been shown that aspirin (ASA) can enhance the osteoblastic potential of PDLSCs and DPSCs, although the exact mechanism remains unclear. This article examines the origin and features of mesenchymal stem cells, the bone regeneration potential of DPSCs and PDLSCs, the factors that enhance their osteogenic differentiation, and a comparison of PDLSCs and DPSCs regarding their proliferation and differentiation abilities. Additionally, we will examine the effects of aspirin on PDLSCs and DPSCs. In conclusion, PDLSCs show a greater effect on osteoblast differentiation.