While traditional organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been phased out under international regulations, novel OCPs are increasingly used as substitutes, however, their environmental behavior was not well clarified. Here, the first comprehensive study on the occurrence, seasonal-spatial variation, and air-soil exchange of both traditional and novel OCPs across a 30° latitudinal gradient (22°N to 52°N) in Eastern China were conducted. Air concentrations of ΣOCPs peaked during summer months, whereas soil concentrations were elevated in winter. Notably, novel OCPs exhibited pronounced spatial-seasonal variations due to the influence of ongoing application practices. Distinct source-sink relationships were observed between traditional and novel OCPs: soils acted as a "secondary source" for traditional OCPs year-round, while for novel OCPs, soils changed from a "secondary source" in summer to a "sink" in winter. Air-soil exchange net fluxes demonstrated significant seasonal variations, with enhancement at higher temperatures and lower latitudes. Emission fluxes to soil for traditional OCPs were concentrated in central and northeastern regions influenced by historical use and distillation effect. In contrast, novel OCPs showed higher emission fluxes in central and southeastern regions, correlating with current usage patterns. In summary, this study provided baseline information on the pollution characteristics and environmental behaviors of both traditional and novel OCPs, which would help us for better understanding their migration and fate in China, even on the global scale.