OBJECTIVE: Behçet's Disease (BD) may impair bone remodeling, increasing osteoporosis risk. This study evaluates mandibular trabecular bone fractal dimension (FD), mandibular cortical index (MCI), and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) degeneration in BD patients versus healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 106 panoramic radiographs, comprising 53 from BD patients and 53 from healthy individuals, were examined. Fractal analysis was performed using ImageJ software, selecting 50 × 50 pixel regions of interest (ROIs) from the gonial, interdental, and condylar areas. Degenerative changes in the TMJ, including osteophytes, sclerosis, surface flattening, erosion, and subchondral cysts, were recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS v.21 (IBM, Armonk, USA), using a significance level of p <
0.05. RESULTS: The BD group exhibited significantly lower FD values compared to the control group (p <
0.05). Similarly, MCI scores differed significantly between the groups (p <
0.05). BD patients showed more pronounced radiological evidence of mandibular cortical resorption than controls. Additionally, degenerative changes in the TMJ were more prevalent among BD patients (p <
0.05). CONCLUSION: Comprehensive evaluation of the mandibular cortex, trabecular bone, and TMJ is crucial in BD patients to effectively detect and monitor osteoporotic alterations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: BD patients may face considerable oral health challenges, such as jawbone deterioration and TMJ complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of these issues can enhance therapeutic outcomes and improve overall quality of life.