Obesity is a growing global health challenge influenced by genetic and environmental factors. With economic development, obesity rates continue to rise globally. Recent research highlights the critical role of gut microbiota in obesity pathogenesis, particularly through microbial metabolites affecting metabolism and energy homeostasis. Recent studies indicate that gut microbiota significantly influences obesity development through metabolic interactions, including the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Gut microbiota is involved in the metabolism of various nutrients such as glucose and lipids, and the change of gut microbiota leads to insulin resistance, adipose tissue accumulation and metabolic disorders, thus mediating the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. For example, beneficial bacteria such as