RNA-binding proteins, integral in regulating RNA metabolism and gene expression, collaborate closely with non-coding RNAs, which are pivotal in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Both elements are essential for the progression of tumors. While recent research has increasingly illuminated their individual mechanisms, the intricate network interplay between them still requires further exploration. This article has provided a comprehensive review of the roles played by RNA-binding proteins and their associated non-coding RNAs in tumor biology. It delves into the intricate functions of various RNA-binding proteins in tumors, including their involvement in alternative splicing, m6A modification, alternative polyadenylation, and phase separation. Furthermore, it highlights the diverse and significant roles of different non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circRNAs, in tumor progression. The interaction between RNA-binding proteins and regulated non-coding RNAs is also explored, providing insights into their collective impact on metabolic reprogramming, immunity, drug resistance, metastasis, and ferroptosis. This in-depth exploration not only deepens our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis but also lays a foundation for developing innovative therapeutic strategies.