PURPOSE: Phototherapy have gained significant traction in the treatment of tumors. However, the successful implementation of these therapies relies on photosensitizers with superior properties and precise guidance mechanisms. METHODS: In this study, we introduce an innovative method for the surface modification of titanium dioxide (TiO RESULTS: This modification extends TiO CONCLUSION: This multifunctional nanotheranostic, integrating high relaxivity with synergistic PTT/PDT for MR imaging-guided phototherapy, holds great potential for applications in the early diagnosis, noninvasive treatment, and prognostic evaluation of oral squamous cell carcinoma.