Process and outcome studies focusing on antisocial traits (ANT) are limited (Van den Bosch et al., 2018), especially in nonforensic/nonoffender outpatient settings (Thylstrup & Hesse, 2016). ANT can impact outcomes through several mechanisms, such as treatment rejection, premature dropout, or poor alliance formation (Van den Bosch et al., 2018
Messina et al., 2002). In a prior study (Cersosimo, Hilsenroth, Bornstein, & Gold, 2022), we found that patient-rated alliance early in outpatient psychotherapy was negatively related to pretreatment ratings on Personality Assessment Inventory scales assessing ANT. The present study extends this work by examining ANT, alliance, and treatment readiness with outcome. We found that ANT, treatment rejection, and patient-rated alliance were significantly related to patient-rated outcome (