Even though mental health is a human right, mental disorders still affect millions of people worldwide. Untreated and undertreated mental health conditions may lead to suicide, which generates more than 700,000 deaths annually around the world. The broad adoption of smartphones and wearable devices allowed the recording and analysis of human behaviors in digital devices, which might reveal mental health symptoms. This analysis constitutes digital phenotyping research, referring to frequent and constant measurement of human phenotypes in situ based on data from smartphones and other personal digital devices. Therefore, this article presents a systematic literature review providing a computer science view on data analytics for digital phenotyping in mental health. This study reviewed 5,422 articles from ten academic databases published up to September 2024, generating a final list of 74 studies. The investigated databases are ACM, IEEE Xplore, PsycArticles, PsycInfo, Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Web of Science, and Wiley. We investigated ten research questions, considering explored data, employed devices, and techniques for data analysis. This review also organizes the application domains and mental health conditions, data analytics techniques, and current research challenges. This study found a growing research interest in digital phenotyping for mental health in recent years. Current approaches still present a high dependence on self-reported measures of mental health status, but there is evidence of the employment of smartphones for leveraging passive data collection. Traditional machine learning techniques are the main explored strategies for analyzing the large amount of collected data. In this regard, published approaches deeply focused on data analysis, generating opportunities concerning the implementation of resources for assisting individuals suffering from mental disorders.