Interfacial shear fracture behavior of C18150Cu/1060Al/C18150Cu trilayered composite at different temperatures, which was fabricated by high-temperature oxygen-free hot rolling technology. The interfacial microstructure, interfacial shear strength, interfacial shear fracture morphology, and microstructure near the shear fracture were systematically investigated. The results reveal that the composite exhibits a metallurgical and mechanical bonding interface, along with mechanical interlocking between the copper and aluminum. As the testing temperature increases, the interfacial shear strength decreases. At temperatures below 150 °C, the strength remains stable, but it sharply decreases at temperatures above 150 °C. Specifically, the interfacial shear strength is 56.8 MPa at room temperature and 20.9 MPa at 350 °C. When the testing temperature is below 100 °C, the interfacial shear fracture predominantly occurs at the interface between the copper alloy and intermetallics. Also, aluminum is attached to the copper surface of the shear fracture, and the size and quantity of attached aluminum increase with the increase in temperature. When the testing temperature exceeds 100 °C, curled aluminum appears on the copper layer, and a large number of intermetallics are attached to the aluminum surface. This indicates that the bonding strength between intermetallics and aluminum is higher than that between intermetallics and copper.