The development of effective materials for neural tissue repair remains a major challenge in regenerative medicine. In this study, we present a novel MXene-reinforced composite cryogel scaffold designed for neural tissue regeneration. MXenes, a class of two-dimensional materials with high conductivity and biocompatibility, were integrated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix via cryopolymerization to form a macroporous, mechanically stable scaffold. The morphology, mechanical properties, and swelling behavior of the cryogel with different MXene contents have been assessed. The effects of MXene on the viability/proliferation and differentiation of neural cells (PC-12) cultured in the composite cryogel were elucidated. The MXene/PVA cryogel demonstrated excellent cell-supporting potential, with MXene not only showing no toxicity but also promoting the proliferation of cultured PC-12. Additionally, MXene induced a neuritogenesis-like process in the cells as evidenced by morphological changes and the enhanced expression of the neural marker β-III-tubulin. The neuroprotective properties of the MXene component were revealed by the alleviation of oxidative stress and reduction of intracellular ROS levels. These findings highlight the potential of MXene-embedded PVA cryogel as a promising material that can be further used in conjunction with electrostimulation therapy for advancing strategies in neural tissue engineering.