Due to the global outbreaks caused by pathogens, disinfection has attracted widespread attention, especially as the final inactivation step in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is regarded as one of low carbon disinfection methods without chemical agents, but in practice, the effects are sometimes unsatisfactory, e.g., Escherichia coli (E. coli) still stay alive excessively at low concentrations of suspended solids (SS) that meets the discharge standards (<
10 mg l